Cardiac output estimation methods: classification and advances in dogs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14409/favet.2025.1.e0047Keywords:
cardiac output, cardiac index, dogsAbstract
The development of modern medicine since the 17th century set a precedent in the understanding of cardiovascular physiology, with William Harvey's work on blood circulation standing out. From his discoveries, the heart came to be understood as a functional pump, which allowed significant advances in cardiovascular research. During the following centuries, various methods have been developed for determining cardiac output, classified according to their degree of invasion: invasive, minimally invasive and noninvasive. In veterinary medicine, these techniques have been applied to dogs, using various breeds and methods to assess the accuracy and reliability of the measurements. The reported results are variable, reporting cardiac output values ranging from 0.5 to 12.8 L/min, and cardiac index between 3.1 and 4.3 L/min/m².
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