The Argentine Naval Prefecture and the «Paradigm Shift» in the Pursuit of Illegal Fishing. A look from the Green and Blue Criminologies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14409/dys.2023.55.e0082Keywords:
Green criminology, blue criminology, southern criminology, illegal fishing, non-punitive solutions, Argentine Naval PrefectureAbstract
The article takes a green and blue criminology stance to analyze the problem of illegal fishing in Argentina. Based on the study of regulatory instruments and interviews, the study addresses the role of the Prefectura Naval Argentina (PNA) within the exclusive economic zone (ZEE) and beyond mile 200 in the face of harmful fishing actions by foreign vessels. On the one hand, the article focuses on the use of criminal law as an instrument to control illegal fishing, highlighting the problems and limitations of this approach. On the other hand, the study focuses on the work of the PNA in the search for non-punitive solutions. It mainly analyzes the intervention of this security agency in the Huali 8 case, identified by the PNA as a "paradigm shift" in the control of illegal fishing within the ZEE, and the intersectoral and interdisciplinary work as a non-punitive response to unregulated fishing in the maritime space beyond mile 200. As a whole, from the critical paradigm of green and blue criminologies, this article seeks to focus on the global South and on how one of the agencies destined to exercise punitive power sought to explore alternative courses of action, prioritizing the care of the aquatic environment without the need for more punishment.
References
Adaro, R. (2022). Entrevista - Secretario de Extensión de la Universidad de la Prefectura Nacional Argentina. Buenos Aires.
Almada, S. (2022). Entrevista - Coordinador de ICEMAR. Buenos Aires.
Baird, A. and Walters, R. (2020). Water Theft Through the Ages: Insights for Green Criminology. Critical Criminology 2020, 28(3), 371–388.
Belhabib, D. and Le Billon, P. (2020). Illegal Fishing as a Trans-National Crime. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 1–3.
Brisman, A. et al. (2018). Water, Crime and Security in the Twenty-First Century, Water, Crime and Security in the Twenty-First Century. London: Palgrave.
Bueger, C. and Edmunds, T. (2020a) Blue crime: Conceptualising transnational organised crime at sea. Marine Policy, 119, 1–8.
Bueger, C. and Edmunds, T. (2020b). Blue crime: Conceptualising transnational organised crime at sea. Marine Policy, 119 (January).
El Cronista (2021). Pesca ilegal: prevén la llegada de más de 300 pesqueros chinos a la Argentina, 7 December. Available at: https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/pesca-ilegal-preven-la-llegada-de-mas-de-300-pesqueros-chinos-a-la-argentina/ (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
Economía Sustentable (2022). Argentina pierde 2.000 millones de dólares anuales por la pesca ilegal en el Mar Argentino, 14 January. Available at: https://economiasustentable.com/noticias/la-millonaria-perdida-por-la-pesca-ilegal-en-el-mar-argentino-en-la-milla-201 (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
EICEMAR (2021). Entrevista. Buenos Aires.
Equipo Interdisciplinario para el Control de los Espacios Marítimos y sus Recursos (2022). Entrevista. Buenos Aires.
Equipo Jurídico ICEMAR (2021). Entrevista. Buenos Aires.
FAO (2019) International Plan of Actions. Rome.
Goyes, D.R. (2019). A Green Southern Criminology. Science against ecological discrimination. Bingley: Emerald.
Hofrichter, R. (1993). Toxic Struggles: The Theory and Practice of Environmental Justice. North America: New Society Publishers.
Lasslett, K. (2010). Crime or social harm? A dialectical perspective. Crime, Law and Social Change, 54(1), 1–19.
Lynch, M.J. (1990). The Greening of Criminology: A Perspective for the 1990s. Critical Criminology, 2(3), 3–12.
Ministerio de Seguridad de la Nación (2020). Jornada sobre Delito Complejo y Políticas de Seguridad en la Pospandemia. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUmyCDOt5es (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
La Nación (2021) Pesca ilegal: una ONG denuncia cómo buques chinos «se ocultan» para «saquear» en aguas argentinas, 2 June. Available at: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/pesca-ilegal-una-ong-denuncia-como-buques-chinos-se-ocultan-para-saquear-en-aguas-argentinas-nid02062021/ (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
Natali, L. (2014). Green criminology, victimización medioambiental y social harm. El caso de Huelva (España). Crítica Penal y Poder, 0(7).
Página/12 (2022). ¿Qué es el Agujero Azul que está en Argentina?, 8 July. Available at: https://www.pagina12.com.ar/435013-que-es-el-agujero-azul-que-esta-en-argentina (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
Paulson, N. (2018). An emergent «blue criminology»? Review of a new critical criminology book on wáter. Critical Criminology, 28(3), 549–551.
Pauly, D. and Zeller, D. (2016). Catch reconstructions reveal that global marine fisheries catches are higher than reported and declining. Nature Communications, 7(1), 1–9.
Perfil (2021). Pesca ilegal: la Armada Argentina y Prefectura Naval dispusieron un patrullaje por 300 buques chinos, 6 December. Available at: https://www.perfil.com/noticias/politica/pesca-ilegal-armada-argentina-prefectura-naval-dispusieron-patrullaje-300-buques-chinos.phtml (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
Petintseva, O., Faria, R. and Eski, Y. (2020). Interviewing Elites, Experts and the Powerful in Criminology. London: Palgrave.
Prefectura Nacional Argentina (2020). Buques capturados. Available at: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/prefecturanaval/resumen-operativo/buques-capturados (Accessed: 8 April 2022).
Prefectura Nacional Argentina (no date). Cambio de paradigma. Available at: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/prefecturanaval/resumen-operativo/cambio-de-paradigma (Accessed: 8 April 2022).
Prefectura Naval Argentina (no date). Resumen operativo | Argentina.gob.ar. Available at: https://www.argentina.gob.ar/prefecturanaval/resumen-operativo (Accessed: 8 April 2022).
Ruggiero, V. and South, N. (2013). Green Criminology and Crimes of the Economy: Theory, Research and Praxis. Critical Criminology, 21(3), 359–373.
Segato, L. et al. (2017). Environmental crimes in the water sector. European Water, 60, 373–379.
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339.
Sollund, R. (2015). Green Harms and Crimes: Critical Criminology in a Changing World. London: Palgrave.
South, N. and Brisman, A. (2020). Routledge international handbook of green criminology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Routledge.
Spapens, T., White, R. and Huisman, W. (2016) Environmental Crime in Transnational Context: Global Issues in Green Enforcement and Criminology. London: Routledge.
Tais Gadea, L. (2021). Pesca ilegal: qué ocurre en el Mar Argentino y cuáles son las medidas necesarias. Chequeado, 14 April. Available at: https://chequeado.com/el-explicador/pesca-ilegal-que-ocurre-en-el-mar-argentino-y-cuales-son-las-medidas-necesarias/ (Accessed: 11 July 2022).
UNEP/INTERPOL (2016). The rise of environmental crime: A growing threat to natural resources peace, development and security.
United Nations (2019). High Seas Crime Becoming More Sophisticated, Endangering Lives, International Security, Speakers Tell Security Council. Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2019/sc13691.doc.htm
UNODC (2020). Programa mundial contra la delincuencia marítima delincuencia marítima.
Van Meter, K. M. (1990). Methodological and Design Issues: Techniques for Assessing the Representatives of Snowball Samples, in E. Lambert (ed.) Collection and Interpretation of Data From Hidden Populations (31–43). Rockville: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Vieytes, R. (2005). Investigación cualitativa. Métodos, técnicas y análisis de datos. Buenos Aires: Editorial de las ciencias.
White, R. (2011). Transnational Environmental Crime: Toward an Eco-global Criminology. Willan. United Kingdom: ROUTLEDGE Taylor & Francis Group.
Wyatt, T. and Brisman, A. (2017). The Role of Denial in the «Theft of Nature»: Comparing Biopiracy and Climate Change. Critical Criminology, 25(3), 325–341.
Yin, R. (1984). Case Study Research: design and methods. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Zaffaroni, R., Alagia, A. and Slokar, A. (2002). Derecho Penal. Parte general. Buenos Aires: Ediar.
